Pastoral Epistles Authorship Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Peaceful Epistles Authorship - Term Paper Example In the book of ACTS of Apostles we find out about how Paul was changed over to an individual having confidence in Jesus Christ. In the ACTS he is depicted as a savage man who mistreated and slaughtered the individuals who put stock in Jesus Christ. In the Acts of the Apostles the discourses of the missionaries appear to advocate for Christianity as a religion for each individual. Paul specifically says that salvation was not implied for the Jews yet in addition for the Gentiles (Harrington, 2008). The messengers discussed the Holy Spirit and how he guided the vast majority of them during preliminaries before roman specialists and keeping in mind that proclaiming. Concerning Towner (2009), the messengers were clear cut about petitions and demanded supplications as an approach to arrive at the dad through His child Jesus Christ. It is particularly imperative to take note of that Paul talked about persecution of the powerless and underestimated in the general public .we draw that Paul passed a reasonable message that as much as Christianity was all inclusive everybody merits a superior treatment (Towner, 2009). It is a direct result of Pauls confidence that he was detained by the Romans. Paul demonstrated the veracity of Jesus Christ of whom the Jewish specialists would not acknowledge as the guaranteed savior. He was profoundly worried about the way in which the Christians behaved and the capabilities an individual needed to gangs in accepting any administration position in the early church (Liefed, 1999). It was hard for new believer to stand firm and profound established into Christianity. Paul needed to control them as far as possible. It is here that the Pastoral Epistles came to fruition. Liefed (1999) states that when Paul was discharged by the Romans he made a trip to Asia Minor. He went through Ephesus and Crete. It is in these spots that he left Timothy and Titus to be pastor’s individually. Paul was worried about the association of the congregation. This depicts him as an individual who maintained request (Harrington, 2008). From both

Funeral Customs

Burial service custom overall Death: the demonstration of biting the dust; the finish of life; the aggregate and perpetual discontinuance of all the indispensable elements of a life form. Demise is an exceptionally agonizing and enthusiastic time, yet one that might be loaded up with expectation and leniency and is base off of the world's strict conventions and of philosophical enquiry. Confidence in an existence in the wake of death or resurrection has been a focal part of most, if not every, strict convention and because of that after some time there has been distinctive kind of memorial service customs created on the planet. The hint of burial service is a background marked by humankind. Memorial service customs are as old as development itself. Burial service customs are ceremonies encompassing the passing of an individual and the resulting demeanor of the carcass. Such ceremonies may serve to check the section of an individual from life into death, to make sure about the government assistance of the dead, to comfort the living, and to shield the living from the dead. Removal of the body might be by entombment , by protection or by incineration , by presentation or by different techniques. Burial service functions have certain basic highlights: for instance, the spreading out of the cadaver; the viewing of the dead, of which the wake is a standard model; and the time of grieving with the going with services. www. reference book. com/doc/1E1-funeralc) â€Å"Every culture and human advancement takes care of the best possible consideration of their dead. Each culture and progress at any point considered shares three things for all intents and purpose identifying with death and the aura of the dead. Some kind of memorial servi ce customs, customs, and functions or a holy spot for the dead and memorialization of the dead Researchers have discovered cemetery of Neanderthal man dating to 60,000 BC with creature tusks on the body and bloom pieces close to the cadaver showing some sort of custom and endowments of remembrance†. www. wyfda. organization/essentials) Funeral customs were differing in numerous societies. Some culture treated the male burial services not quite the same as the female memorial services. The Cochieans covered their ladies, yet suspended their men from trees. The Gonds covered their ladies however incinerated their men. The Bongas covered their men with their appearances toward the North and their ladies with their countenances toward the South. (www. wyfda. organization/nuts and bolts) Body entombment or direct internment basically implies putting a body in the ground after death, in spite of the fact that it additionally applies to putting away the entire body over-the-ground in an ausoleum, vault, or other kind of tomb. (www. mindful. com/articles/body-internment arrangements)they additionally found that in the medieval time the ruler would be covered without a heart. (Puckle 120) The Gonds are among the biggest inborn gatherings in South Asia and maybe the world. The term Gond alludes to ancestral people groups who live all over India's Deccan Peninsula. Most portray themselves as Gonds (slope individuals) or as Koi or Koitur. (www. everyculture. com/wc/Germany-to-Jamaica/Gonds. ) Funeral custom hasn’t truly changed after some time there are as yet comparative or same traditions despite everything utilized today. They frequently had Memorials which permit companions, family members and colleagues to communicate their sentiments and to share their recollections. Many dispossessed individuals discover them supportive and are satisfied to have given a function their friends and family would have needed. (www. humanism. organization. uk/services/humanist-memorial services remembrances) Native American internment customs have fluctuated broadly, topographically, yet additionally through time, having been formed by contrasting situations, social structure, and otherworldly convictions. Ancient human advancements developed strategies for thinking about the dead that reflected either the regular developments of roaming social orders or the existence methods of settled networks composed around fixed areas. As they advanced, internment rehearses included different types of encasement, sub-surface interment, incineration, and presentation. Custom generally directed some sort of cleaning custom at the hour of entombment. Certain services called for optional interments following burning or introduction of the body, and in such cases, the ceremonies may reach out over some timeframe. Where the differentiations in societal position were denoted, the customs were progressively detailed. The Plains Indians and certain Indians of the Pacific Northwest normally rehearsed over the ground internments utilizing trees, frameworks, kayaks, and boxes on braces, which rotted after some time. (www. nps. gov/history/nr/distributions/releases/nrb41/nrb41_5) Many of our burial service customs have their verifiable premise in agnostic ceremonies. Current grieving apparel originated from the custom of wearing exceptional garments as a camouflage to conceal personality from bringing spirits back. Agnostics accepted that returning spirits would neglect to remember them in their new clothing and would be confounded and ignore them. Covering the substance of the expired with a sheet originates from agnostic clans who accepted that the soul of the perished got away through the mouth. They would frequently hold the mouth and nose of a debilitated individual shut, wanting to hold the spirits and postpone passing. Devouring and social occasions related with the memorial service started as a fundamental piece of the crude burial service where food contributions were made. Wakes held today originate from old traditions of overseeing the perished trusting that life would return. The lighting of candles originates from the utilization of fire referenced before in endeavors to shield the living from the spirits. The act of ringing chimes originates from the normal medieval conviction that the spirits would be kept under control by the ringing of a blessed ringer. The discharging of a rifle volley over the expired mirrors the innate act of losing lances into the air to ward spirits floating over the perished. Initially, heavenly water was sprinkled on the body to shield it from the evil presences. Flower contributions were initially proposed to pick up favor with the soul of the perished. Memorial service music had its starting points in the old serenades intended to assuage the spirits. (www. wyfda. organization/nuts and bolts) Funerals rank among the most costly buys numerous purchasers will ever make. A customary memorial service, including a coffin and vault, costs about $6,000, despite the fact that â€Å"extras† like blossoms, tribute sees, affirmation cards or limousines can add a large number of dollars to the primary concern. Numerous burial services run well over $10,000. (www. pueblo. gsa. gov/cic_text/misc/memorial service/burial service. ) More and more individuals are deciding to be incinerated, and there are much a greater number of decisions for incineration urns than for coffins (www. uneralplan. com) The time after the demise or dying of a people in India are given a ton of significance. According to the Hindu Holy Scripture like the Bhagwat Git, it is accepted that the spirit of the individual who has recently died is headed to the following degree of presence at such a period. All things considered, it is with a goal to help the left soul in a tranquil hybrid to that next degree of his/her reality, that Indians watch such a significant number of death rituals and ceremonies. Essential thought behind the Indians' following all these memorial service conventions is to demonstrate worship to the perished individual. Regularly during this time, all the relatives share each other’s distresses and ask, with the goal that the spirit of the perished individual rests calmly. Toward the finish of one year, every single older individual from the expired individual assemble by and by for the Shraad service. The third, fifth, seventh or ninth day after the demise of the individual are additionally significant, as all family members accumulate to have a supper of the expired's preferred nourishments. A limited quantity of the food is offered before his/her photograph and later, it is formally left at a surrendered place, alongside a lit diya. Be that as it may, there might be slight varieties in the route individuals of various strict organization watch this passing ritual. (www. iloveindia. com/indian-conventions/memorial service customs) Chinese burial service ceremonies and internment customs are dictated by the age of the perished, reason for death, status and position in the public arena, and conjugal status Preparation for a memorial service regularly starts before a demise has happened. At the point when an individual is on his/her deathbed, a final resting place will frequently have just been arranged by the family. A customary Chinese final resting place is rectangular with three ‘humps', in spite of the fact that it increasingly regular in current occasions for a western style final resting place to be utilized. The final resting place is given by a funeral director who manages all burial service customs. At the point when a passing happens in a family all sculptures of divinities in the house are concealed with red paper not to be presented to the body or final resting place and all mirrors are expelled it is accepted that one who sees the impression of a final resting place in a mirror will in a matter of seconds have a demise in his/her family. A white fabric is hung over the entryway to the house and a gong is set to one side of the passage if the perished is a male, and to one side if female. At the wake, the relatives of the perished assemble around the casket situated by their position in the family and exceptional garments is worn: Children and little girls in-law wear dark implying that they lament the most; grandkids, blue; and extraordinary grandkids, light blue. Children in-law wear more brilliant hues, for example, white, since they are viewed as untouchables. The kids and little girls in-law additionally wear a hood of rough clothing over their heads. The oldest child sits at the left shoulder of his parent and the expired's mate on the right. Family members showing up later should slither on their knees towards the final resting place. The memorial service function generally keeps going more than 49 days †the initial seven being the most significant. Petitions are said at regular intervals for 49 days if the family can manage the cost of it. Something else, the period can be abbreviated by three to seven days. For the most part, it is the obligation of the little girls to tolerate the memorial service costs. The leader of the family ought to be available for at any rate the first and potentially the second supplication function. The quantity of services directed relies upon the monetary circumstance of the family. The leader of the family ought to likewise be available for the internment or incineration. In the subsequent convention, the supplication service is held like clockwork: The ini

Create your own assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Make your own task - Essay Example Utilization of their lifestyle (culture) and sexual orientation assists with giving a peruser a review of conventional Igbo life and folkways that are only here and there separated in European books about Africa. Igbo society was a communitarian as opposed to individualistic clan and its ceremonies and celebrations were a methods for cultivating that network life.One of the Igbo societies was the division between what is female and manly changing from tasks to wrongdoing. There were female violations, those carried out accidentally, and there were male wrongdoings. For instance, Okonkwo’s executing of Ezeudu’s child because of an inadvertent shot was viewed as a female wrongdoing that was deserving of seven years of outcast in his parenthood. On the off chance that he had perpetrated a male wrongdoing, Okonkwo’s discipline would have been perpetual outcast or demise by hanging. The general public of the Igbo was commanded by men that representing force and control in the general public. For instance, because of their capacity and control, men were permitted to have numerous spouses as one indication of keeping up status in the tribe. The more the ladies a man had, the hig her the rank he was set in the general public. Furthermore, ladies were required to live carefully as indicated by Igbo customs. They were portrayed by liberality and strong of one another and each other’s youngsters. It was additionally their way of life that initiative was to be only overwhelmed by men while the ladies should be dutiful to each man not just her significant other. This communicates inadequacy of ladies in the general public as there were only there to follow orders from men without addressing. Igbo individuals were emphatically clung to their way of life to a degree that even the appearance of the evangelists, they would not like to desert their way of life for the white man’s culture. The men were there to be first insubordinate of the white man’s culture that guaranteed balance among man and lady, yet the man was difficult

The Importance of Icse Essay Samples

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Social Justice And Government By Karl Marx - 1930 Words

Social Justice and Government The view of social justice in today’s society may be different depending on who you are, what religion you come from, or even the culture in which you were raised. According to the Catholic Church and its social teachings, the view of social justice is talked about in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. It is viewed as the condition that allows individuals and associations to gain what is their due, according to the Catechism of the Catholic Church’s stance on social justice. Since individuals are already created equally through God, therefore the perfect form of social justice is an environment where the individual is able to reach their full human potential. The â€Å"Industrial Revolution† that started in the 1780’s in Great Britain had many effects, but they were not fully felt until the 1830’s or 1840’s. The works done by Karl Marx talks about how the classless system was not the ideal form of government in Europe. Karl Marx forme d and developed the modern day popular form of â€Å"social justice† known as Marxism or socialism. Marx’s problem with the struggles of social justice and society during his time era were that he could not accept the form of politics such as the classless system at that time and on the rebound he introduced his idealism. Marx also unified the theory of social justice with the practical beliefs that human activity is key. Marx’s approach to social justice is based on human relations as free from exploitation,Show MoreRelatedJohn Rawls And Karl Marx984 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Rawls and Karl Marx were American Philosophers that had concerns for societies well being. Rawls idolized a more just society, where Marx wanted to eliminate social classes all together. Although they had slight differences, the core foundation of their theories is supposed to eliminate inequalities. Capitalism helped form the foundation in which Marx and Rawls theories were formed. Al though, people follow Marx theory of socialism, Rawls theory was designed to be a fair and it adopts the fundamentalRead MoreOriginal Writing : Original Position And Natural State902 Words   |  4 PagesOriginal Position and Natural State John Rawls was an America philosopher whose idea was to develop an experiment for individuals to seek a fair notion of justice. Rawls experiment was a hypothetical one that engaged the individual to look at society and fairness from another perceptive. Individuals were to use their imagination and pretend that they were born into different lives, for example, if their mother was a single parent that worked two jobs just to put food on the table vs. the lavish lifeRead MoreCulture, Socialization, And The Family923 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy of social behavior and human groups. Our society had seen many great and wonderful sociologist who were excellent however, three of them where close to the perfection: Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max weber. First of all, talking about one of the greatest German sociologist who was Karl Marx, he was such a great philosopher, economist, and sociologist. I choose Marx because he was dealing with concrete reality of everyday life. Karl Marx was fighting for poor people and for more justice in ourRead MoreHobbes Vs. Marx On Government s First Duty1038 Words   |  5 PagesDecember 2014 Topic #1 – Hobbes vs. Locke vs. Marx â€Å"Government’s first duty is to protect the people, not run their lives,† said Ronald Reagan. Some political philosophies like John Locke would agree to this statement, while other, like Thomas Hobbes would not, and some will both agree and disagree, like Karl Marx. You will come to learn why the â€Å"social contract† of John Locke is the best through the review of all three philosophers main ideas on government, the comparison of all three philosophersRead MoreA Comparative Analysis Of On Property Owning Democracy 1404 Words   |  6 Pagesbetter understanding of justice as fairness and author of the book that bears the same title. In his manuscript, Justice as Fairness, Rawls introduces a new political philosophy known as property owning democracy. When analyzing his work he descries the tenants of this new political theory. In an effort to understand Rawls vision of a property owning democracy, it is crucial to implement a comparative analysis to contr ast Rawls vision with that of Marxian communism. 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Flash Fiction Story free essay sample

I sped down the hill towards the jump. I remember hitting the crest, soaring into the air and touching down gently on the other side. I was ecstatic. I had finally done it. I was so close to backing away and going through another year of disappointment. It was the last day of the season, and I was heading up to the ski hill alone. Today was the day I said to myself. Of course Id been saying It to myself every day for the past few weeks, but today really was the day.There was going to be no fooling around today, no waiting until the last run to make my attempt. This was the day I would finally land a backfill. Suddenly, I was there, at the top of the runway for the Jump. Nervously shaking and fidgeting. I wanted to do It so badly, but all that was going through my head was; what If I hurt myself? What If I get made fun of? What If I look Like an Dildo? These were the same thoughts that had raced through my head every time I had stood here. We will write a custom essay sample on Flash Fiction Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Eventually I always decided against trying the trick, and skied off.But there was always that burning desire to land it, at least once, searing in the back of my mind. And it would be there as long as I didnt at least try. Then, someone appeared next to me, waiting in line, waiting for me to go. It was now or never, either I back down like I always have or finally man up and attempt the backfill. I set off towards the Jump, picking up speed quickly as I raced down the hill. Time seemed to slow down as I approached the Jump, was I really going to do it?I could visualize myself going through the steps, throwing my head back, following through with my body, spotting the landing, and bringing my legs around just in time to drop down on the snow. There was no turning back now. I flew off the jump like an eagle taking flight, spun gracefully and stomped the landing way down the hill. I had done it, and I was alive! I had lived to tell the tale. Though it may seem a bit ridiculous, the only thing going through my head was; what took me so long?

American General Corporation Essays (1022 words) - Systemic Risk

American General Corporation American General Corporation Evaluating the Risk of the American General Corporation we started from looking at company's market standing from potential investors point of view. First we take a look at the companies profile. American General Corporation is a diversified financial services organization, provides retirement services, life insurance, and consumer loans. The company offers retail financial programs through fifteen thousand merchants. American General Corp. operates in 41 states. Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands. Well, first we find out that American General Corporation is a blue chip, multibillion dollar company. This tells us right from the beginning that this financial giant is really worth looking at as a potential candidates to be added in our stock portfolio. Considering that this is a financial company dealing with investments, pension funds and life insurance we have to be very careful because these industries are most sensible to overall economy changes, and we know that at this point US economy is going through the period when recession is most expected. To get a better understanding of how this might affect companies risk we have to know how diversified companies investments are. For that we have to evaluate companies performance compare to market performance. ( for this purpose we use chart on returns for American General Corporation to S&P 500 ). As we can see from the chart behavior of the company is almost identical to the behavior of the market, this observation becomes more obvious when we take a look at company's beta which is .95. Well this is not such a great sign because as I already mentioned recession is expected., and as we know with recession overall market returns go down this is knowing the relationship between market and AGC we can predict that American General Corp. performance will decrease as well. The question is how deep will the market fall, and how long the recession would last, of course, if the recession will occur. There were no recent revelation, as far as, companies financial structure is concern, well, may be the only exception is a slight change in companies management structure which so far did not make any significant impact on companies market value, so the only major aspect in evaluating of how risky the company is how correlated it is with the market. Of course there are other things to be considered. There are couple of good signs that should lower the risk of AGC. For instance, the decrease in the charge off and delinquency ratios compared to prior periods reflect the positive impact of the company's credit quality improvement program, which included an increase in thee proportion of real estate secured loans and higher underwriting standards. The decrease in the allowance reflects the improvement in charge-off experience, partially offset by an increase in the allowance to support the growth in receivables. Also, company's operating expenses as a percentage of average finance receivables decreased to 5.8% for thee first six month of 1998 from 5.98% for the same period of 1997, and to 5.73% from 5.99% for the same comparable second quarter periods, due to the increase in average finance receivables, which more than offset the increase in operating expenses. Company rapidly grows in value. A decrease in interest rates and resulting increases in bond value in second quarter 1998 caused a $555 increase in the fair value adjustment to fixed maturity securities and related $335 million positive adjustment to shareholders' equity from December 31, 1997. So, the interest rate would be a very important fact to consider in evaluating this company. According to the latest news Federal Reserve has no intention to decrease interest rate any further, there is actually a great possibility of increasing it in defensive move against coming recession. Having such prediction for the future and keeping in mind how greatly American General Corp. influenced by the interest rate, AGC becomes more of a risky investment. The company is very careful with it's investments. AGS decreases its investments into the below investment grade securities ( have credit rating below BBB- ) from 5% at June 31 of 1998 to 4% at December 31 of 1997%. The company invests in below investment securities to enhance the overall

buy custom Murder Law in the United Kingdom essay

buy custom Murder Law in the United Kingdom essay Introduction Since World War II in 1945, there has been a continued controversy regarding capital punishment in the UK. Various abolishment campaigns were actually launched after the war and the Homicide Act was passed in 1957. The Act introduced restrictions to the capital punishment law in an attempt to reserve the punishment in law for those who actually deserve it. However, several controversies erupted after the review and there was widespread dissatisfaction from the public regarding murder laws. In fact, convictions in capital punishment became less common. The last persons to face the murder law in Britain were executed in 1964. After continued campaigns from various human rights groups, the death penalty was abolished in 1999 when Home Secretary signed the 6th protocol of European Convention of Human Rights. The main debate has been that capital punishment denies a person a right to life, which is a democratic right of any individual. However, crime is everywhere and there is always loss of life due to criminal activities or in most cases psychological torture and decrease in the quality of life. Some of these crimes include rape, murder and terrorism, just to name a few. This paper will evaluate various contexts of the current murder law in the UK to assess its acceptability. Elements of criminal liability Generally, the basis of liability imposition on a criminal is that there must be enough proof that the defendant is guilty of committing a criminal offence while in a guilty state of mind. This comprises of physical elements known as actus reus followed by the mental state referred to as mens rea. The prosecution has a fundamental duty to verify proof of these elements in the offence to the level that satisfies the judge or the jury beyond doubt. If the is no sufficient proof, the jury is required to acquit the defendant. The two elements are used to analyze criminal offences in the English law. They stipulate that a defendant is not necessarily guilt unless he or she committed crime with a guilty mind. The actus reus constitutes more than just a mere act. It determines whether the circumstances and the consequences of the crime are recognized for prove of liability of the criminal offence under evaluation. This simply means that every element of the offence apart from the mental element is encompassed by the actus reus. It is the external or physical element of a criminal offence and is the Latin word for guilty act. Therefore, if the defendant did something amounting to criminal offence, there are other situations of omission that may be sufficient for actus reus. However, under normal rule, omission cannot guarantee that the defendant is guilty of an offence. However, a criminal offender may incur criminal liability if the crime was committed as a positive act, for example, forcefully holding the head of another person in water leading to his or her death. In case of a stranger who watches as a victim drowns without interening, the stranger would not incur criminal liability sinc e the victim would have whatsoever. On the other hand, mens rea literally means a guilty mind contrary to actus reus which means guilty act. In any offence, both of these elements must be present for proof of criminal liability. The idea of fault proven resides in the mind of the offender when he or she is committing the criminal act. Most notably, the actual state of mind required may vary from one crime to another. For instance, in murder and manslaughter, the intention to kill must be proved for imposition of criminal liability. The only exception to this principle is the strict liability concept. Here, no mens rea is required to be proved prior to one or more elements of the actus reus. The rationale of mens rea is whether the crime was committed as voluntary action, intentionally or with knowledge of all elements of the crime. Voluntariness, causation and omission in actus reus Under actus reus, there are concepts of voluntariness and causation besides the previously discussed omission. In the features of Actus reus, a murder must be a voluntary act and in some cases, there must a consequence of the offence. For example, in other offences such as assault that results in actual bodily harm, there must be visible injuries inflicted on the plaintiff. The law of causation in actus reus stipulates that an act must cause the result. It shows that death would not have results were it not for the conduct of the defendant. However, irrational application of this rule can lead to unjust rulings hence legal causation is established before the defendant is convicted of murder. It means that the conduct that led to the plaintiffs death must be worth of blame. Nevertheless, there are difficult questions that arise regarding where to draw the line but the extremes are clear. For example, if someone invites the other to dinner and the invitee is run over by a car on his wa y to the dinner, it would be absurd to claim that the inviter is guilty of murder. A guilty case of causation would be an individual who points a gun at another with an intention of killing him and eventually pulls the trigger. His conduct has undoubtedly caused the death of the victim and both factual and legal causation are obvious. Actus reus omissions are only viable when there is a duty to act. In English law, a defendant can be found to be criminally liable if he has failed to act in places where he or she has a duty to act. For example, a railway employee who opens a railway crossing to let a cart pass but forgets to shut the gates leading to the death of the cart driver when ran over by a train will be criminally liable for manslaughter. However, in normal criminal law, a defendant may not be found guilty just because he or she merely failed to act. Nevertheless, there are limited exceptions to this rule. Actus reus must always be voluntary. This includes strict liability offences in relation to actus reus. A bus driver would not be convvicted with murder of passengers if he suffered a heart attack leading to a car crash that kills several passengers. His actions will be involuntary hence an essential element of actus reus will be missing. However, the British courts ensure strict boundaries governing invo luntary conduct to emphasize the importance of fault absence of the defendant. In the previous example, if the bus driver had experienced heart attack signs before driving and continued to drive, he would be liable of criminal offence of murdering the passengers since he would have deferred driving and sought help. Mens rea of murder and the problems with proving intention The jury is charged with the duty of deciding whether the accused has satisfactory mens rea or not. The meaning of the term intention has been met with reluctant expression from judges. It should be noticed however that it is possible to intend to do something without desiring it. This is referred to as oblique intent as was reinforced in Moloney case law (1985). In case of murder, the meaning of intention is not clearly defined but definitions state what it is not. This is not satisfactory as a mens rea consequence. In this context, a defendant may be regarded to act intentionally with respect to the circumstance that he or she hoped to exist would exist. Intention also entails recklessness which means taking an unjustifiable risk. However, it is wider than intention. The state of mind constitutes of intention and is one of the main elements of mens rea. In fact, in murder it is the only element of mens rea. The jury must make a decision using all available evidence whether the accu sed intentionally committed the murder intentionally. The jury has the responsibility to find out if the accused intended to bring about the consequences of his conduct or if he was virtually certain and recognized it as so. Intention should not be confused with motive or recklessness and for this reason; crimes are categorized as basic intent or specific intent. Murder law: sufficient or in need of reform? The current UK murder law is not satisfactory and has raised various controversies in a quest for review. The legislation is needed to be clear and ensure public confidence. There are calls for various degrees of murder which have been supported by the director of public prosecutions. This is in the wake of criticism towards the current life sentence to murder convicts. The cries are pressuring the jury to implement various degrees of murder charges. In fact, the government has been responsive and is considering recommendations. A similar approach was used in the US and such a change could result into the UK having a legal system with first degree murder having a life sentence on proof of intent to kill. Moreover, second degree murder as well as manslaughter with proved intent to kill would bear a discretionary life sentence. The law commission suggested that murder should be graded which is an appropriate reform to the murder law. Buy custom Murder Law in the United Kingdom essay

Strategic Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic Analysis - Research Paper Example There are risks and advantages, however, to Google’s broad multinational presence related to the external business environment. Google’s target markets are broad due to the complexity of the business model that sustains multiple products and service catering to professional and household consumers. Google operates G-Mail, a webmail service with massive storage capabilities and accessibility to access G-Mail from virtually any mobile device (Google, 2012). Additionally, Google acquired YouTube, the social media service promoting user-generated video content, a service with 800 million different users domestically and internationally. Other products including cloud computing attract professionals in multiple industries while Adwords is targeted to consumers and business professionals alike. Google maintains mass market appeal in operating environments sustaining differing cultural preferences because the products and services the company provides are relevant to sustain the Web-based and software-based needs of diverse markets. However, to assess how customer markets impact business strategy development and operational direction, certain target markets can be deconstructed to better determine their impact on Google’s strategic direction. Google, for YouTube, had to develop its own segmentation strategy rather than following established marketing models. This is due to the fact that YouTube maintains 800 million users daily, making it nearly impossible to establish a singular, homogenous segmentation and targeting model. This segmentation strategy is based on behavior, taking into consideration important factors regarding the tangible purpose of patronage at YouTube, including for entertainment purposes, for education, for music appreciation, or for simply watching television (MSMR, 2010). Having such a massive, geographically-dispersed set of consumers with varying needs creates a

The Bedford Boys and D-Day Invasion Research Paper

The Bedford Boys and D-Day Invasion - Research Paper Example The men who were assigned to the D-Day invasion were some of the most valiant. Some died on the beaches, some fought on throughout Europe to secure peace. They made a lasting contribution to the world which we enjoy today. But few soldiers in the operation were as valiant as the Bedford Boys. They came to represent the very best of American sacrifice for peace in this world. They were ordinary, small-town men who made an extraordinary contribution. By 1944, World War II was grinding to a halt. Allied forced had a toe-hold in Italy; in the Pacific, the United States had turned the tide against the Japanese. The Germans and the Japanese were reeling from a series of defeats. On the Eastern Front, Hitler had lost his Sixth Army at Stalingrad, and the Russians were pushing back and taking the land that Germans had captured only a few years earlier. Still, there was no talk of surrender from Berlin. Hitler was in a delusional mood and intended to fight to the last man. Fortunately, the Al lied forced had earlier agreed that there was to be an unconditional surrender of Axis powers. It is not possible to say if this policy was definitively responsible for ending the war on the excellent terms that it was ended, but it seems probable (Armstrong, 86). The Allies were not going to make the mistake of permitting a rump Nazi regime to hang on with the promise of peace. They knew that they could not trust the Nazis about anything. As a result, the Allies steeled themselves for a full-on invasion and plans were soon underway for an invasion of France through the beaches of Normandy. This would also make Stalin happy. For years now, he had been fighting tooth and nail with the Germans on the Eastern front, and badly needed relief from their viciousness. He wanted the United Kingdom and the U.S. to open up a second front in the west (Gilbert, 544). The operation was to be a secret from the Germans and was to involve overwhelming force. On the morning of June 6, 1944, thousands of Allied planes bombarded German defences on the beaches of Normandy; soon after, thousands of soldiers arrived by boat to begin the invasion. In preparation, Supreme Allied Commander, the American Dwight D. Eisenhower, wrote to his generals and soldiers: You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade, toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty-loving people everywhere march with you. In company with our brave Allies and brothers-in-arms on other Fronts, you will bring about the destruction of the German war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and security for ourselves in a free world (Garamone). It is clear that inspiration was needed, as the fight to come was to be a brutal one. Eisenhower did his best to put things in perspective and encourage his men. It was important for them to understand just why they were fighting. D-Day was an incredibly bloody invasion fo r U.S. servicemen. More than 2500 lost their lives on the beach that day (Fry). The air cover that the generals intended to use as cover and to soften up the German artillery positions did not meet with much success. The result is that when the men landed on the beaches of Normandy, many had German weapons immediately trained on them. It was only through sheer fortitude and courage that they kept coming,

Cognitive Interventions Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Interventions Essay Introduction Cognitive behavior therapy includes many types of therapy and can be applied in a variety of circumstances. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is most commonly known for use on clients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, DBT is becoming more popular and often used when working with adolescents. Some adolescents participate in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Counselors find DBT is an effective therapy to help youth acquire the coping skills needed to stop NSSI. A review of DBT, and adolescents suffering with NSSI will better help one to understand why this technique is beneficial. NonSuicidal Self-Injury NSSI is defined as the direct and intentional destruction of ones own body tissue without an intent to die. Therefore, any form of self mutilation not intending to result in suicide qualifies as NSSI. The number of adolescents practicing NSSI is alarming. Youth practicing NSSI include both sexes and every racial and ethnic group. This alarming behavior is not secluded to any particular type of adolescent. NSSI often appears in the form of cutting with sharp objects, scratching, hitting, burning, and inserting objects under the skin. These behaviors typically develop between the ages of 12-14, indicating that adolescent years are particularly vulnerable to such practices. In addition to NSSI, these behaviors are often in conjunction with other self-harming behaviors like eating disorders, substance abuse, and depression. Puberty can be an extremely difficult time for many people and adolescents cannot reason and rationalize as adults can; therefore, youth often develop self-harming issues because they lack proper coping skills. Last, NSSI specifically refers to injuries not acquired while attempting suicide; however, 50-75% of those with a history of NSSI have also attempted suicide at least once. As one can see, NSSI is an alarming behavior that needs attention (Choate, 2012). Addressing the Issue NSSI is a prevalent and serious issue that must be properly handled. Counselors and people working with NSSI youth must have an understanding of the complexity of this matter and be familiar with treatment options. DBT is an excellent method to attempt to help adolescents overcome NSSI behavior. The effectiveness of DBT has been shown in at least seven controlled trials conducted by four independent research teams. DBT shows the most improvement, when compared to prior therapy options, to treat NSSI (Choate, 2012). DBT uses a comprehensive multimodal 16-week treatment approach for NSSI. The multimodal addresses skills for interpersonal effectiveness, self-regulation, and distress tolerance; provides structure to motivate, reinforce, individualize, and generalize these skills; and identifies and alters learned behavior patterns leading to NSSI. This therapy treatment includes individual therapy, family therapy, multifamily training groups, and telephone consultations for those involved in the process. Additionally, a support team for the counselors is a part of this process. Counseling NSSI adolescents is an extremely stressful position so it is important for counselors to have professional peers to share their thoughts. DBT therapy for NSSI adolescents can be practiced in many settings, including inpatient or outpatient treatment (Choate, 2012). Interventions and Techniques Individual Therapy A primary counselor is paired with the adolescent through the DBT process. The relationship between the primary counselor and the client is extremely important. The key goal for the counselor is to help the adolescent develop skills for coping with stressful thoughts, events, and emotions. An important aspect in the client therapist relationship is for the counselor to convey acceptance, validity, and trust. The primary counselor needs to remain calm and listen with interest yet without showing much emotion. A client must not see a counselor react to stories of self-harm in the way a parent or peer might react. The goal for the counselor is to show an understanding of the self-harming behavior while conveying acceptance and validating the adolescents thoughts and actions (Choate, 2012). The counselor shows acceptance; however, the goal is to create change. Although the counselor balances acceptance and change, the counselor continually challenges the client to alter any negative behavior hindering ones life quality. Ultimately the thought is that acceptance and validation will facilitate self-change while change will facilitate self-acceptance. If the adolescent is reluctant to change the harmful behavior, the counselor may spend more sessions building trust and showing validation before attempting change. Additionally, a client may find it difficult to trust the counselor is the client believes the counselor will report NSSI episodes to the adolescents parents. A balance must be created between client trust, parental rights, and confidentiality. With a proper balance allowing the youth comfort, yet abiding by regulations, an adolescent will be able to build the relationship required to develop change (Choate, 2012). Assessments should be conducted during the initial interviews with the client. These initial evaluations are either conducted informally with an interview or formally with a structured interview and self-report tool. The DBT model allows the counselor to integrate assessment results into four DBT target treatment areas. Specific behaviors and areas are written into a treatment plan with goals for the client (Choate, 2012). Target areas: A) Decreasing life-threatening behaviors B) Decreasing behaviors that interfere with therapy C) Decreasing behaviors that interfere with life quality D) Increasing behavioral skills (Choate, 2012). As the treatment begins, the goal is to help the client determine the events, thoughts, or feelings one has prior to the NSSI occurrence. If one can determine factors contributing to the negative behavior, one can start to alter circumstances leading to NSSI and ultimately change the behavior. Clients are asked to maintain diary cards documenting behaviors and actions surrounding NSSI behavior. The diary cards address problem behaviors, immediate prior events leading to problem behavior, vulnerability factors, entire chains of events prior to problem behavior, and consequences from the behavior. Upon review of the cards the counselor can help the client identify triggers of NSSI behavior and find alternative life choices or thoughts to cope better with given situations (Choate, 2012). Multifamily Skills Training Groups The individual session emphasizes focus on assessment, client trust, and identifying the problem. Along with identifying problems, individual therapy does encourage behavior change. However, multifamily group therapy focuses on skill sets needed to facilitate change. To implement behavior changes and develop coping skills, the adolescents must be aware of thoughts, feelings, and actions; tolerate the pain and stress associated with unpleasant life events, regulate emotions better, and become effective at communicating emotions. The DBT approach focuses on building four essential skills: A) Mindfulness B) Distress tolerance C) Emotion regulation D) Interpersonal effectiveness Additionally, a fifth skill was added: Walking the middle path (Choate, 2012). Skill Sets Skill Set One: Core Mindfulness Mindfulness is acknowledging ones emotions, thoughts, and physical experiences without trying to end them, numb them, or avoid them. Learning to observe, describe, and experience emotions without judgment and while in control of ones attention is the core of mindfulness. As adolescents become more aware of emotions in the present, they develop a better understanding of their own emotions and reactions (Choate, 2012). DBT uses a model with three states of mind to teach mindfulness. The three mind-states are reasonable mind, emotion mind, and wise mind. Reasonable mind is controlled primarily by logic. Emotion mind is regulated significantly by emotions. Wise mind synthesizes all the ways of knowing to develop knowing through intuition, using deep inner wisdom. Often time groups sessions will use acting or charades to have participants learn to understand these types of mindfulness (Choate, 2012). Group members are taught to observe their thoughts by awareness. The clients are encouraged not to multitask but rather to focus on one task at a time. The exercise of focusing on one task at a time is referred to as one-mindfulness. Focusing on one aspect at a time allows the client to recognize and understand the emotions related to the specific task. Skill Set Two: Emotion Regulation Emotion regulation helps group members learn to recognize, observe, and describe emotions. Additionally, this skill set teaches one to regulate intense and painful emotions, regulate vulnerability to negative emotions, and increase positive emotions. The clients begin to realize they have control over their emotions and behaviors. When one learns to alter responses to emotions it is both empowering and liberating (Choate, 2012). Ways of teaching emotion recognition often include listening to music or watching a movie. The goal is to have the client react to something, recognize, and observe ones own emotion. As clients recognize emotions they are asked to discuss the responses both mentally and physically connected with the emotional reactions. Group members are taught to respond to ones own emotions with self-compassion and acceptance. Often one may believe an emotional response is wrong, silly, or unjustified. Once one understands that every emotion is justified one can accept the emotion and find a healthy response to that emotion (Choate, 2012). Another aspect of emotion regulation includes reducing vulnerability by maintaining better physical health. Eating well, sleeping sufficiently, exercising regularly, and avoiding substance abuse will help one regulate emotions by maintaining physical health. Ones physical health can weaken ones mind-state, and the person will be more vulnerable to NSSI and other self-harming episodes (Choate, 2012). Skill Set Three: Interpersonal Effectiveness The goal of interpersonal effectiveness is for one to maintain personal values and beliefs while improving relationships. An example of teachings in this module is that group members are often asked to remember the acronym DEAR MAN to help remember the key components of this skill set. The components: Describe, Express, Assert, Reinforce, stay Mindful, Appear confident, and Negotiate. The best method for learning this skill set is role play. Often the facilitator will pair up group members and role play a variety of situations using DEAR MAN (Choate, 2012). Skill Set Four: Distress Tolerance Stress tolerance relates to ones ability to effectively accept emotional pain, in any given situation, that cannot be changed at the time. Once one can tolerate and accept unpleasant situations, one can more effectively cope. Further skills would help the client to self-soothe and distract from emotionally painful situations (Choate, 2012). Distress tolerance skills have two categories. The first category is skills for accepting reality, and the second is skills for crisis survival. Skills for accepting reality teach clients how to accept everyday life even when it is unpleasant. Deep-breathing is a common practice for this skill. Skills for crisis survival follows more of a distraction method. The goal may be for the client to find an alternative task, practice self-soothing, or take a break. Whatever the activity change is, the goal is to distract one from the crisis and prevent self-harming behavior (Choate, 2012). Skill Set Five: Walking the Middle Path This particular skill set works with the adolescent and family members to help those involved alter polarized thinking and live a more balanced lifestyle. The first step is to encourage participants to abandon black and white thinking and recognize the gray area. People often need to realize that any given situation can be viewed in multiple ways, and often everyone would benefit from viewing incidents through multiple perspectives (Choate, 2012). Common issues between adolescents and parents include strict or lenient parenting; thinking lightly of serious matters, or judging harshly common adolescent behavior; and pushing away, or holding too tightly. Adolescents and parents are asked to determine where they believe themselves and others to be regarding these topics, and try to come to an agreement regarding how to alter behavior and meet in the gray area (Choate, 2012). Communication and listening are key factors involved in developing this skill set. Positive reinforcement is taught to be used whenever possible as parents often think to punish negative behavior rather than reward the positive actions. Reconciling family differences can be a key component when attempting to help an adolescent stop NSSI behavior (Choate, 2012). Effectiveness of DBT for NSSI The treatment for NSSI that has the most positive support is DBT. DBT is the high standard of therapy for reducing suicide and self-destructive behavior among clients with BPD. The effectiveness of DBT has been shown in many trial studies. Not as many studies have been conducted regarding DBT and NSSI with adolescents; however, a DBT model has been created for adolescents and shows very promising results. DBT is the highest regarded method for at risk youth. Certainly, much can always be learned regarding human nature and therapy, and not all people will respond to the same treatment; therefore, this method is certainly not effective every time, but it does seem very beneficial (Choate, 2012). Summary Nonsuicidal Self-injury is a serious issue. As one can see, action needs to be taken to save youth from such harmful behavior patterns. Cognitive behavior therapy, specifically dialectical behavior therapy, has many excellent interventions and strategies to help adolescents facing NSSI (Choate, 2012). DBT uses individual therapy, group therapy, and family therapy to help adolescents with NSSI. Individual sessions focus on trust with the counselor, and identifying and acknowledging negative emotions, and behavior patterns. Additionally, the primary therapist will help the client find healthy ways to change behavior patterns and cope with life stressors (Choate, 2012). Group therapy focuses on building the skills needed to accomplish the desired changes. The five core skills sets include: core mindfulness, emotional regulation, interpersonal effectiveness, distress tolerance, and walking the middle path. Many methods are used to teach and practice these techniques (Choate, 2012). Studies continue to determine the effectiveness of DBT with adolescents involved in NSSI. However, DBT is the standard therapy for adults facing similar issues with BPD. Additionally, DBT seems very promising as an effective method for treating NSSI adolescents. References Choate, L. H. (2012, January). Counseling adolescents who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury: A dialectical behavior therapy approach.. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(1), 56-71. EBSCOhost.

Perspectives of the Characters in The Young Housewife :: Young Housewife Essays

Perspectives of the Characters in The Young Housewife From the first stanza we decipher that there is a young housewife moving about her husbands house in negligee. Some important questions that come to my mind are: Is she alone?, and why is she moving? The answer to both of these questions we do not know. Is this young housewife dancing around the house in her negligee because her and her husband had a wonderfully romantic night, or is she merely shuffling along performing her wifely chores and duties? Better yet, does the young housewife really exist, or is she just a fantasy of the passer-by? This brings me to my next question . . .Is the narrator a man or a woman? It seems very easy to assume that the narrator is a man, because the author is a man, but other than that there is no real evidence proving narrative gender. In stanza one all we know about the narrator is that they are alone in a car. In stanza two all we know is that the narrator compares the young housewife to a "fallen leaf". And in stanza three, the final stanza, as the narrator passes on by, he or she bows, and smiles. As far as I am concerned the passer-by could be a female who is a close friend or relative who is merely commenting on the housewife as they pass by her house. To me The Young House Wife is about beauty, not beauty from a young fertile woman alone in negligee, but the beauty of everyday, the beauty of life. This driver, who is her passer-by compares the housewife to a fallen leaf. This fallen leaf could mean many things. The narrator could be insinuating that the young housewife is in a fallen state, maybe trapped in some kind of extra-marital sin perhaps. Maybe the narrator is trying to warn us that the housewife is sick and perhaps that is why she is not yet properly dressed though the morning is almost at an end. The meaning that I prefer to take with me is somewhat different from these perspectives. I would like to think of the young housewife as the beauty of autumn.

Cultural Diversity in America

Diversity is an important part of American culture. Cultural diversity has helped to shape the way we live everyday as well as the different foods we eat. What really thought me about diversity is that it is not limited just too racial or ethnic groups but other minority groups. The new information I have learned about diversity still has not changed my views. I think it is important to learn about others cultures and backgrounds. Without knowledge about other cultural groups we would only have stereotypes to go off of. Stereotypes without proper knowledge can lead to discrimination or prejudices.I did learn about my own ethnic background and how far we still need to go. The Hispanic people are still the lowest paid. Recently we are still fighting against prejudice in regards to immigration laws. There are many ignorant people that view all Hispanic people should not be in this country. Some automatically think we all come from Mexico. Which is not the case, both my parents are Ameri can and my mother’s parent are from the US. On my dad’s side my grandmother was from Mexico as well as my grandpa who fought in WWII, Vietnam, and Korean War.He is a real hero and it is unfair that he has fought for our freedom but some would want him deported. Trends in immigration are steadily rising and should continue to do so. In 2050 the White population will become a minority and the minority groups will become the majority. There are many cultures that strive to migrate to the United stated to live out the American dream. Our country was built by immigrants trying to escape a country they could no longer believe in. Those people wanted freedom to believe and live the way they wanted too.That is still the dream of all immigrants to move on to a new country and build a better life for themselves and their families. The major challenge the United States faces due the diversity of its people is losing the American culture in the mist of all the different cultural g roups. Also American will suffer from prejudice and discrimination against those immigrants because they are different. Even though American risks losing its culture due to diversity it is also a benefit. The diversity in American culture can teach everyone to be more tolerant of different ethnic groups.Also it helps improve American culture by adapting to new culture traditions and celebrations. In order to foster acceptance and cultural pluralism in the United States, we need to start living with an open mind and heart. We also need to create an education program to teach everyone about each other and their cultural backgrounds. Also by adapting to different cultural traditions we can participate in that culture. For example, In the United States we celebrate the Chinese New Year and CInco De Mayo.Also we need to find a way to stop depending on stereotypes to teach us about different groups. The media is also portraying different groups of people a certain way. I have always found that the news media try to find the most ignorant person to interview or someone that could prove that ethnic stereotype correct. There are many examples of this in recent news for example, The interview with Sweet Brown and her famous line â€Å" Ain’t nobody got time for that† or the interview of Antoine Dodson and all the funny YouTube videos that it has turned out.The media also does some good for example all the media coverage they do on gay rights as well as coverage on the Travon Martin case. With the Travon Martin case we saw a man that was prejudice against a young black male and kill him. The media tried to do their best to show how wrong Zimmerman was in the situation. Showing these types of issues in the media it shows people it is not ok to hate or to take a young life because you are ignorant to their cultural background.Individually I know I have been prejudice against certain groups and knew the way I was acting was wrong. What I found I needed to work on is to be more accepting of everyone and treat others the way I want to be treated. I would not want to be discriminated against and I found no one else does either. I think we also need to live life and not judge people by the way they look but by their actions. The United States as a whole needs to teach its people that prejudice is still alive and discrimination is still happening.The United States also needs to review its anti-discrimination laws and make sure they are still valid and revise the ones that need to be improved with our changing times. I also think there should be cultural diversity appreciation month that teaches about different cultures not just African Americans or Hispanic culture but about, Asian cultures and Middle Eastern cultures as well. We also need to start teaching children young to be accepting of everyone since they are our future. You are a reflection of then and they are a reflection of you.

The Surprising History of Black People in Germany

The German census does not poll residents on race, following World War II, so there is no definitive number of the population of black people in Germany. One report  by  the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance  estimates there are 200,000 to 300,000 black people living in Germany, although other sources guess that number is higher, upwards of 800,000.   Regardless of the specific numbers, which dont exist, black people are a minority in Germany, but they still are present and have played an important role in the countrys  history.  In Germany, black people are typically referred to as Afro-Germans (Afrodeutsche) or black Germans (Schwarze  Deutsche).   Early History Some historians claim that the first, sizable influx of Africans came to Germany from Germanys African colonies in the 19th century. Some black people living in Germany today can claim ancestry dating back five generations to that time. Yet Prussias colonial pursuits in Africa were quite limited and brief (from 1890 to 1918), and far more modest than the British,  Dutch and French powers. Prussias South West African colony was the site of the first mass genocide committed by Germans in the 20th century. In 1904, German colonial troops countered a revolt with the massacre of three-quarters of the Herero population in what is now Namibia. It took Germany a full century to issue a formal apology to the Herero for that atrocity, which was provoked by a German extermination order (Vernichtungsbefehl). Germany still refuses to pay any compensation to the Herero survivors, although it does provide foreign aid to Namibia.   Black Germans Prior to World War II After World War I, more blacks, mostly French Senegalese soldiers or their offspring, ended up in the Rhineland region and other parts of Germany. Estimates vary, but by the 1920s, there were about 10,000 to 25,000 black people  in Germany, most of them in Berlin or other metropolitan areas. Until the Nazis came to power, black musicians and other entertainers were a popular element of the nightlife scene in Berlin and other large cities. Jazz, later denigrated as Negermusik (Negro music) by the Nazis, was made popular in Germany and Europe by black musicians, many from the U.S., who found life in Europe more liberating than that back home. Josephine Baker in France is one prominent example. Both the American writer and civil rights activist W.E.B. du Bois and the suffragist Mary Church Terrell studied at the university in Berlin. They later wrote that they experienced far less discrimination in Germany than they had in the U.S. The Nazis and theBlack Holocaust When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1932, the racist policies of the Nazis impacted other groups besides the Jews. The Nazis racial purity laws also targeted gypsies (Roma), homosexuals, people with mental disabilities  and black people. Precisely how many black Germans died in Nazi  concentration camps  is not known, but estimates put the figure at between 25,000 and 50,000. The relatively low numbers of black people in Germany, their wide dispersal across the country and the Nazis focus on the Jews were some factors that made it possible for many black Germans to survive the war.   African Americans in Germany The next influx of black people to Germany came in the wake of World War II when many African-American GIs were stationed in Germany.   In Colin Powells  autobiography My American Journey, he  wrote  of  his tour of duty in West Germany in 1958 that for ... black GIs, especially those out of the South, Germany was a breath of freedom —  they could go where they wanted, eat where they wanted and date whom they wanted, just like other people. The dollar was strong, the beer good, and the German people friendly. But not all Germans were as tolerant as in Powells experience. In many  cases, there was resentment of the black GIs having relationships with white German women. The children of German women and black GIs in Germany were called occupation children† (Besatzungskinder) — or worse.  Mischlingskind  (half-breed/mongrel child) was one of the least offensive terms used for half-black children in the 1950s and 60s.   More About the Term 'Afrodeutsche' German-born blacks are sometimes called Afrodeutsche (Afro-Germans)  but the term is still not widely used by the general public. This category includes people of African heritage born in Germany. In some cases, only one parent is black But just being born in Germany does not make you a German citizen. (Unlike many other countries, German citizenship is based on the citizenship of your parents and is passed on by blood.) This means that black people born in Germany, who grew up there and speak fluent German, are not German citizens unless they have at least one German parent. However, in 2000, a new German naturalization law made it possible for black people and other foreigners to apply for citizenship after living in Germany for three to eight years. In the 1986 book, Farbe Bekennen  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  Afrodeutsche Frauen auf den Spuren Ihrer Geschichte, authors May Ayim  and  Katharina Oguntoye  opened up a debate about being black in Germany. Although the book dealt primarily with black women in German society, it introduced the term Afro-German into the German language  (borrowed from Afro-American or African American) and also sparked the founding of a support group for blacks in Germany, the ISD (Initiative Schwarzer Deutscher).